Snakebites are rare but potentially life-threatening emergencies, especially in remote areas where immediate medical assistance may not be accessible. Whether you're hiking in the wilderness or working in rural regions, knowing how to respond effectively can save lives. This guide outlines practical first aid steps , tips for staying calm, and how to communicate with emergency services in snakebite situations.
Understanding the Risks of Snakebites
Snakes play a vital role in ecosystems but can pose a danger when encountered unexpectedly. While most snakes are non-venomous, South Africa is home to several species capable of delivering venomous bites. These include the Black Mamba, Puff Adder, and Cape Cobra. Venom types vary, causing neurotoxic (nervous system), hemotoxic (blood), or cytotoxic (tissue) effects. In rural areas or on remote trails, response time is critical, making preparation and quick action essential.
First Steps After a Snakebite
1. Stay Calm and Assess the Situation
If bitten, panic can accelerate the spread of venom through increased heart rate. Take slow, deep breaths and focus on assessing the situation. Avoid sudden movements and sit or lie down to prevent unnecessary exertion. Ensure the snake is no longer a threat by moving away safely.
2. Immobilize the Affected Limb
Restricting movement helps slow venom spread. Keep the bitten limb at or slightly below heart level. Use a splint or bandage to immobilize the limb without cutting off circulation. For bites suspected to involve neurotoxic venom (e.g., Black Mamba or Cape Cobra), pressure bandages can be applied to slow venom absorption. Avoid tying a tight tourniquet, as this can cause tissue damage.
3. Avoid Harmful Myths
Do not attempt to suck out venom, cut the wound, or apply ice. These methods are ineffective and can worsen tissue damage. Additionally, avoid consuming alcoholic beverages, as this can increase circulation and speed up venom absorption.
Seeking Help in Remote Locations
Immediate professional medical assistance is crucial, even if symptoms appear mild initially. However, when far from medical facilities, calling for help is often the fastest way to ensure proper care.
1. Contact Emergency Services
Dial South Africa’s national emergency number, 112, national private emergency services 082 911 or 084 124, or local emergency services. Provide your exact location using landmarks, GPS coordinates, or apps like What3Words. Mention that a snakebite has occurred and describe the victim’s condition. If possible, provide details about the snake’s appearance, colour, size, and markings but do not attempt to capture or kill the snake, snakebite management is done based on symptoms, so an exact identification is not required.
2. Signal for Assistance
If mobile service is unavailable, signal others in your group or nearby areas. A whistle, flashlight, or reflective clothing can help attract attention. Assign someone to seek help from the nearest accessible point if you’re unable to make the call yourself.
Monitoring Symptoms and Providing Comfort
1. Watch for Symptoms
Monitor the victim for signs of envenomation, including swelling, severe pain, nausea, difficulty breathing, or changes in consciousness. Symptoms can vary depending on the snake species and individual reaction.
2. Prevent Shock
Keep the victim warm and comfortable. Lay them down with their head slightly elevated to prevent shock. Offer reassurance to help them remain calm and stable.
3. Hydration and Rest
If the victim is conscious and not vomiting, small sips of water can prevent dehydration. Avoid food or excessive liquids until medical professionals assess the situation.
Practical First Aid Techniques
Carrying a basic first aid kit or a snakebite first aid kit is invaluable during outdoor activities in snake-prone areas. Your kit should include elasticated bandages, crepe bandages, eyewash, antiseptic wipes, and an emergency whistle (to attract attention).
• Pressure Immobilization Method: For bites from snakes with neurotoxic venom, wrap a pressure bandage to cover as much of the affected limb as possible. This technique is particularly effective for delaying venom spread.
• Limb Immobilization: Elevate the affected limb at the level of the heart. If it is an arm you can sling it using a triangular bandage and if it is a leg and you don’t need to walk to safety you can lie down which will place the leg at the level of the heart.
• Wound Care: Clean the bite area gently with antiseptic to reduce infection risk. Do not apply ointments or creams, as they may interfere with venom identification at the hospital.
Preparing for Remote Adventures
Preparation is the best defence against snakebite emergencies. Before heading into rural or remote areas:
• Research the Area: Learn about the local snake species and their habitats.
• Carry a Communication Device: Always carry a cell phone with you or a satellite phone to call for help in areas with limited service.
• Wear Protective Clothing: Long pants, thick socks, and closed shoes reduce the risk of snakebites while exploring.
The Importance of Snake Identification
While it’s not always possible to identify the snake involved, providing a description can assist medical professionals administer appropriate antivenom. Although this is not a deal breaker as a symptomatic approach to snakebite management can be taken successfully. Note features such as:
• Size and length.
• Primary colours and patterns.
• Head shape (triangular or rounded).
Refrain from pursuing the snake to take photos; this can increase your risk of additional bites.
Aftercare and Medical Follow-Up
Once professional help is available, ensure the victim receives thorough medical evaluation, even if symptoms subside. Envenomation effects can progress over hours, and some reactions are delayed. Follow all medical advice and schedule follow-up care to monitor recovery.
Conclusion
Encountering a snakebite far from medical help is a daunting scenario, but with the right knowledge and preparation, you can act effectively to protect yourself or others. Staying calm, immobilizing the affected limb, and seeking emergency assistance are the pillars of snakebite response. Whether you’re hiking in South Africa’s rugged wilderness or working in remote rural areas, understanding these steps can make the difference between a manageable situation and a life-threatening emergency.
Remember, preparation is key, equip yourself with knowledge and a reliable snakebite first aid kit to ensure that you’re ready for the unexpected.
[Featured image via Marloth Park Sightings Page]
Also view:
Pedestrians and Safety from Snakes and Snake Bites
What to do when you find a snake in your car: A Step-By-Step Guide
Snakebite Safety on Holiday: How to Stay Safe and Respond Effectively
Roadside snake encounters: How to safely manage snake sightings on the go